웹 마케팅 (디지털 노마드)

2014년 기술등의 기부채납 신청접수 공고 (한국산업기술진흥원)

기업,대학,공공연구기관 등이 보유한 미활용 우수기술을 발굴하여 양도, 라이센싱

을 통하여 기술이전 및 사업화를 활성화하고, 기술의 공익적 확산을 제고하기 위하여 ‘기술등의 기부채납’신청접수를 아래와 같이 공고하오니 많은 신청바랍니다.

The Korea Institute for the Advancement for Technology..

1. Definition

The IPC is a hierarchical system of classifying technology by dividing

them into a range of sections, classes, subclasses and groups.

2. Principle of classifying

The IPC employs the principle of classifying inventions according to their

intrinsic nature (the “function‐oriented” principle), rather than their possible

“applications”. Still, the IPC contains both function‐oriented places and

application places and is a combined function/application classification

system in which the function takes precedence.

An illustration of a complete classification symbol of IPC is shown below :

A                  21              B              1     /    08

|                   |              |              |           |

Section          Class          Subclass      Main group   Sub group

The classification scheme containing about 70,000 classification symbols is

arranged in a hierarchical, tree‐like structure.

(1) Section: The lowest hierarchical levels are the eight sections of the

IPC corresponding to very broad technical fields. (Section A=Human

Necessities)

(2) Class: Sections are subdivided into 120 classes in the eighth edition

of the IPC. (Class A 21=Baking; Edible dough)

(3) Subclass: Classes are further subdivided into more than 600

subclasses. (Subclass A 21 B=Bakers’ ovens; Machines or equipment

for baking)

(4) Main group: Main group symbols always end with “/00”. (Main group

A 21 B 1/00 = Bakers’ ovens)

(5) Sub group: The hierarchy of the subgroups under main groups is

designated by dots preceding the titles of the entries.

Main group A 21 B 1/00 (“Bakers’ oven”) is divided into 19 subgroups,

the first four of which are the following:

A 21 B 1/02 . characterized by the heating arrangements

A 21 B 1/04 .. Ovens heated by fire before baking only

A 21 B 1/06 .. Ovens heated by radiators

A 21 B 1/08 … by steam‐heated radiators

As can be seen from the above example, not all the subgroups are on

the same hierarchical level; the highest are preceded by one dot, the

lower‐according to their level‐by two, three, four or more dots.

The 10 steps to build up a trade secret management program

(1) Put in place a system for identifying trade secrets

Identifying and categorizing the trade secrets is a prerequisite for starting a

trade secret protection program. The steps taken to protect your trade

secrets should be dictated by the nature of the secrets themselves.

a. The basic questions to ask

- What information would hurt my business if my competitors get it?

- And how much will it hurt?

b. A related question to ask

- Do you have staff specifically assigned to record keeping, data

security, or for preservation of trade secrets?

Make a written list of the information to be protected and organize it into

the different types of information, depending on its value to the business

and the type of protection measures that would be needed to protect it.

(2) Develop an information security policy that includes a trade secret protection

Policy

The information security policy encompasses systems and procedures

designed to protect the information assets from disclosure to any person or

entity not authorized to have access to that information, especially

information that is considered sensitive, proprietary, confidential, or classified

(as in national defense).

a. It is important to have a written information security or trade secret

protection policy. A written policy provides clarity on all aspects thatneed to

be addressed.

- It should explain the why and how of doing so.

- It should prescribe how to reveal or share such information in‐house

or with outsiders.

- It should articulate and demonstrate the commitment of the business

to protect its trade secrets as this would eventually play an important role in any unavoidable litigation.

b. Information security can be implemented at various levels such as the

following:

- Physical controls

- Administrative controls

- Technical controls.

(3) Educate all employees on issues related to information security

a. Always hire an employee on the basis of his competence knowledge

and skills and not because of his access to trade secrets of a former

employer.

b. All employees should acknowledge that they have understood the policy

and that they agree to abide by it. Periodically, reiterate the policy.

c. Avoid hiring a person bound by a non‐compete agreement. If

unavoidable then do so only after taking advice from an independent

and competent lawyer.

d. Indemnifying a new employee, who is bound by a non‐compete

agreement to a previous employer, should be avoided, as doing so

raises suspicion of wrong doing and may result in a financial obligation

if wrong doing is proved in a court case.

        e. Remind your employees not to disclose trade secrets to unauthorized

individuals or entities and to follow the security procedures; do so by

way of notices, memos, network e‐mails, newsletters, etc.

f. Hiring away more than one employee from a competitor would raise

suspicion of wrong doing, and, therefore, it should be avoided as far as

possible.

(4) Importance of exercising care in hiring an employee of a competitor

a. Educate and train employees on information security policy.

b. Transform every employee into a potential security officer.

c. Every employee must contribute to create a secure environment.

d. Prevent inadvertent disclosure that may take place due to ignorance.

e. The employees should be trained to recognize and properly protect

trade secrets.

<Departing employees>

Make departing employees aware of their obligations towards former

employer. Do so by conducting exit interviews that should also focus on

issues related to confidentiality, trade secrets, etc.

If necessary or desired, they should be made to sign a new or updated

confidentiality agreement. You may write a letter to new employer informing him

about the relevant aspects of your trade secret concerns so that the departing

employee is not put by the new employer on projects or activities where inevitable

disclosure of your trade secrets would occur or is most likely to happen.

(5) Include reasonable restrictions in writing, in all contracts

Signing a good confidentiality or non‐disclosure agreements with employees

        suppliers, contractors, business associates is of immense value in keeping

information away from competitors.

a. Non‐analysis clauses

Include non‐analysis clauses in agreements for licensing trade secrets

so that the other party agrees not to analyze or have analyzed any

material or sample supplied under the agreement to determine its

composition, qualities, characteristics, or specifications, unless authorized

in writing by a duly authorized representative of your business.

b. No‐raiding, non‐recruitment or non‐solicitation clause

A no‐raiding, non‐recruitment or non‐solicitation clause in an employment agreement prohibits a departing employee from soliciting co‐workers to leave with him to join another business or set up a new rival business.

(6) Restrict access to paper records

To prevent unauthorized access to records classified as confidential,

sensitive, or secret, limit access to only those employees who are duly

approved, or cleared, to see them on a need to know basis.This may be done more

easily by proper labeling of records (e.g., with a stamp such as confidential or

secret) or using special colored folders (e.g., red or orange), and by keeping such

marked records physically isolated or segregated in a secure area or in locked

filing cabinets. Depending on the size and nature of the trade secret,

the location of the separated information can vary from a locked file cabinet,

to a security patrolled warehouse or storage facility. There has to be proper access

control through appropriate authorization and accountability and tracking

system for employees provided access to classified information.

(7) Mark documents

There are various types of useful ways for marking confidential or trade

secret information. Look at the following examples:

a. MAKE NO COPIES

b. THIRD PARTY CONFIDENTIAL

c. DISTRIBUTION LIMITED TO ____

d. COVERED BY A NON‐ANALYSIS AGREEMENT

The CRITICAL, MAXIMUM, MEDIUM, and MINIMUM labels are examples of

information classifications

In general, the labels should provide brief but clear direction to the user on

how to handle the information.

(8) Office management and keeping confidentiality

a. Mobile or cellular phones discussing sensitive topics over a cellular

phone is a dangerous practice. Confidential information may be “lost” if

there is unrestricted use of mobile or cellular telephones.

b. Fax machines

Often, the fax machine is located in a common area with unrestricted access

and it is typically unattended. The second problem with fax transmissions is

that they utilize phone lines, which can be tapped quite easily.

c. Photocopying

It is not unusual for an employee to make copies of a secret or

confidential document, pick up the copies and walk away, leaving the

original in the copier for the next user to find. Extra care should be

taken to remember to retrieve those original secret or confidential

records when the copying is finished.

d. Shredding

A better method for disposition of all paper records, of course, is

shredding them. Shredding is a major element in most information

security programs. With a wide variety of machines on the market,

businesses may implement shredding in several ways.

e. Telephones

Callers posing as researchers, industry analysts, consultants, or students

ask for information about the organization and its employees–and many

times get it.

f. Internal literature

Newsletters, magazines, and other in‐house publications often contain

information useful to snoops, including new product announcements,

results of market testing, and names of employees in sensitive areas

(who are potential contacts).

g. Waste bins

It is not safe to put them into a nearby office waste paper or trash bin,

as anyone with access to the trash might make use of those records

for gathering competitive intelligence.

h. The compulsive talker and loose talk

Employees are deluding themselves if they think their lunchtime or

coffee break conversations and any discussion of company business on

          the metro, subway, bus stop, train station, or a restaurant is wholly

private. It is not at all unusual for people nearby to hear clearly these

conversations.

(9) Maintain computer secrecy

For most computer systems at least two security measures are built into

them:

a. Use of passwords for a user to access the system

b. Automated audit trails to enable system security personnel to trace any

additions or changes back to whoever initiated them, and to indicate

where and when the change was carried out.

<Access Control and Security Labels>

Access control is a means of enforcing authorizations. There are a variety

of access control methods that are based on different types of policies and

rely on different security mechanisms.

a. Rule based access control is based on policies that can be

algorithmically expressed.

b. Identity based access control is based on a policy which applies

explicitly to an individual person or host entity, or to a defined group of

such entities. Once identity has been authenticated, if the identity is

verified to be on the access list, then access is granted.

(10) Guarding secrets that are shared in partnerships

a. While employees can be the single biggest threat to secrecy, it is also

important to guard secrets in joint ventures, with consultants and even

with customers.

b. For many software companies, the most dangerous exposure is the sale

of a system because the software is then susceptible to reverse

engineering. In software and many other high‐tech industries, licensing

of your company's product is a secure way to guard against loss.

특허청, 4대 산업분야 10대 미래 유망기술 발표..

http://www.etnews.com/news/nationland/2886253_1495.html

에너지, 환경분야를 유심히 살펴봅시다.